Capacitor with high dielectric constant materials and method of making

ABSTRACT

A stabilized capacitor using non-oxide electrodes and high dielectric constant oxide dielectric materials and methods of making such capacitors and their incorporation into DRAM cells is provided. A preferred method includes providing a non-oxide electrode, oxidizing an upper surface of the non-oxide electrode, depositing a high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material on the oxidized surface of the non-oxide electrode, and depositing an upper layer electrode on the high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to capacitors, and more particularly to capacitors made with non-oxide electrodes and oxide dielectrics having high dielectric constants but with reduced leakage current, and to methods of making such capacitors and their incorporation into DRAM cells.

The increase in memory cell density in DRAMs presents semiconductor chip designers and manufacturers with the challenge of maintaining sufficient storage capacity while decreasing cell area. One way of increasing cell capacitance is through cell structure techniques, including three dimensional cell capacitors. The continuing drive to decrease size has also led to consideration of materials with higher dielectric constants for use in capacitors. Dielectric constant is a value characteristic of a material and is proportional to the amount of charge that can be stored in a material when the material is interposed between two electrodes. Promising dielectric materials include Ba_(x)Sr_((1-X))TiO₃(“BST”), BaTiO₃, SrTiO₃, PbTiO₃, Pb(Zr,Ti)O₃(“PZT”), (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O₃ (“PLZT”), (Pb,La)TiO₃(“PLT”), KNO₃, Nb₂O₅, Ta₂O₅, and LiNbO₃, all of which have high dielectric constants making them particularly desirable for use in capacitors. However, the use of these materials has been hampered by their incompatibility with current processing techniques and their leakage current characteristics. The leakage current characteristics of Ta₂O₅ on electrodes such as polysilicon, W, WN_(x), and TaN are not as good as those of the conventional silicon nitride capacitor.

Leakage current is controlled not only by the quality of the Ta₂O₅ dielectric film, but also by the state of the interface between the Ta₂O₅ film and the electrodes. Attempts have been made to overcome the problems associated with the use of Ta₂O₅. Some of the efforts have focused on post-Ta₂O₅ treatments, such as annealing in the presence of ultraviolet light and ozone (UV-O₃ annealing), dry O₂ annealing, or rapid thermal nitridation (RTN), to repair the oxygen vacancies in the as-deposited chemical vapor deposited (CVD) Ta₂O₅, film by excited oxygen or nitrogen atoms. Other work has focused on depositing special layers around the Ta₂O₅ film to prevent oxidation during later processing. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,768,248 to Schuegraf involves the deposition of a dielectric nitride layer after the removal of an oxide layer on a capacitor plate. A Ta₂O₅ dielectric layer is then deposited, followed by a second nitride layer. The nitride layer restricts oxidation of the inner capacitor plate during subsequent annealing of the Ta₂O₅ layer. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,814,852 to Sandhu et al., a primarily amorphous diffusion barrier layer is deposited on the Ta₂O₅ dielectric layer.

Chemical vapor deposited (CVD) Ta₂O₅ dielectric films are prepared in an oxygen gas mixture at elevated temperatures. Consequently, the bottom electrode in a capacitor stack, onto which the Ta₂O₅ film is deposited tends to be severely oxidized by the process. This results in a high leakage current, as well as low capacitance.

Non-oxide electrodes have been shown to be promising electrodes for use with high dielectric constant oxide dielectrics. However, the resulting leakage current is high for thinner films or layers of oxide dielectrics such as Ta₂O₅. Therefore, there is a need for improved processes for incorporating non-oxide electrodes, such as TiN, TaN, WN, and W, and high dielectric constant oxide dielectric materials such as Ta₂O₅ and Ba_(x)Sr_((1-x))TiO₃, in capacitor constructions having improved leakage current and for capacitors containing these materials.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention meets these needs by providing a stabilized capacitor using non-oxide electrodes and high dielectric constant oxide dielectric materials and methods of making such capacitors. By “non-oxide” electrode, it is meant an electrically conductive material which does not contain any metal oxides. By “high dielectric constant oxide dielectric” materials we mean oxides of aluminum, barium, titanium, strontium, lead, zirconium, lanthanum, and niobium, including, but not limited to Al₂O₃, Ba_(x)Sr_((1-X))TiO₃(“BST”), BaTiO₃, SrTiO₃, Ta₂O₅, Nb₂O₅, PbTiO₃, Pb(Zr,Ti)O₃(“PZT”), (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O₃(“PLZT”), (Pb,La)TiO₃(“PLT”), KNO₃, and LiNbO₃ and having a dielectric constant of at least about 20.

In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, the method includes providing a non-oxide electrode, oxidizing an upper surface of the non-oxide electrode, depositing a high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material on the oxidized surface of the non-oxide electrode, and depositing an upper layer electrode on the high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material.

The surface oxidation of the non-oxide electrode can be carried out in an atmosphere containing an oxidizing gas such as O₂, O₃, H₂O, or N₂O at a temperature in the range of from about 250° to about 700° C. The oxidation can be performed in the same reaction chamber as the step of depositing the high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material prior to depositing the high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material. Preferably, the oxidation is a gas plasma treatment which is carried out at a temperature in the range of from about 250° to about 500° C., although other oxidation techniques such as furnace oxidation or rapid thermal oxidation (RTO) may be used. The high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material is selected from the group consisting of Al₂O₃, Ba_(x)Sr_((1-X))TiO3, BaTiO₃, SrTiO₃, Ta₂O₅, Nb₂O₅, PbTiO₃, Pb(Zr,Ti)O₃, (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O₃, (Pb,La)TiO₃, KNO₃, and LiNbO₃, and preferably comprises either Ta₂O₅ or Ba_(x)Sr_((1-X))TiO₃.

Another aspect of the invention is a capacitor which includes a non-oxide electrode, the upper surface of which is oxidized. The capacitor includes a high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material adjacent the upper surface of the non-oxide electrode, and an upper layer electrode adjacent the high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material. In a preferred embodiment, the non-oxide electrode is preferably selected from the group consisting of TiN, TaN, WN, and W, and the high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material is selected from Al₂O₃, Ta₂O₅ and Ba_(x)Sr_((1-X))TiO₃. The upper surface of the non-oxide electrode is preferably oxidized using an oxidizing gas plasma such as O₃.

Another aspect of the present invention is a DRAM cell and method of making it. In a preferred form, the method comprises providing a non-oxide electrode, oxidizing an upper surface of the non-oxide electrode, depositing a high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material on the non-oxide electrode, depositing an upper layer electrode on the layer of high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material, providing a field effect transistor having a pair of source/drain regions, electrically connecting one of said source/drain regions with the non-oxide electrode and electrically connecting the other of said source/drain regions with a bit line.

Accordingly, it is a feature of the present invention to provide a stabilized capacitor having improved leakage current characteristics using non-oxide electrodes and high dielectric constant oxide dielectric materials, their incorporation into DRAM cells, and methods of making such capacitors. These, and other features and advantages of the present invention, will become apparent from the following detailed description, the accompanying drawings, and the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic fragmentary sectional view of a semiconductor substrate fragment made according to one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a graph of sheet resistance and O₃ gas plasma treatment time;

FIG. 3 is a graph of leakage current density and capacitance for one embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a graph of leakage current density and capacitance for one embodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic fragmentary sectional view of another embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

As shown in FIG. 1, a fragmentary view of a semiconductor substrate is indicated generally by reference numeral 10. As used herein, the term “semiconductor substrate” refers to silicon structures including silicon wafers, silicon structures in the process of fabrication, a semiconductor layer, including a semiconductor layer in the process of fabrication, and the like. The semiconductor substrate 10 includes a bulk silicon substrate 12 with a conductive diffusion area 14 formed therein. An insulating layer 16, which is typically a borophososilicate glass (BPSG), is provided over substrate 12. There is a contact opening 18 formed in the insulating layer 16 to diffusion area 14. A conductive material 20 fills contact opening 18 forming an electrically conductive plug, with conductive material 20 and oxide layer 16 having been planarized using conventional techniques. Conductive material 20 can be any suitable material, such as, for example, tungsten or conductively doped polysilicon. A barrier layer (not shown) of a material such as TiAlN may be present at the top of the plug.

The plug of conductive material 20 can be produced by initially forming conductively doped polysilicon to completely fill opening 18. The polysilicon layer can then be etched back using wet or dry etch processes, or by chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) such that all conductive material has been removed from the upper surface of insulating layer 16. Preferably, the removal technique causes a slight recess of conductive material 20 within opening 18.

A capacitor construction generally indicated by reference numeral 22 is provided on insulating layer 16 and plug 20, with conductive plug 20 constituting a node to which electrical connection to capacitor 22 is made. Capacitor 22 comprises a non-oxide electrode 24 which is electrically conductive and has been provided and patterned over node 20. Examples of preferred materials for non-oxide electrode 24 include, but are not limited to, TiN, TaN, WN, and W. Generally, non-oxide electrode 24 has a thickness of from between about 200 to about 500 Å.

The upper surface 26 of non-oxide electrode 24 is oxidized. The oxidation can be carried out at low temperatures (e.g., from about 250° to about 700° C.) in an atmosphere containing O₂, O₃, steam (H₂O), or N₂O. The oxidation may optionally be performed in the same reaction chamber where the high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material deposition occurs. Such oxidation takes places using an extended stabilization step under oxidizing conditions prior to deposition of the high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material. The oxidation is preferably performed using a gas plasma at a temperature in the range of from about 250° to 500° C. The oxidation forms a very thin layer of oxidized material on the surface of the non-oxide electrode. Generally, the thin oxidized layer has a thickness of from about 10 to about 100 Å. For example, depending on the original non-oxide material, the thin oxidized layer may comprise TiON, TaON, WON, and/or WO.

A layer of high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material 28 is then deposited on the oxidized surface of non-oxide electrode 24. The high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material may be, but is not limited to, Al₂O₃, Ta₂O₅ and Ba_(x)Sr_((1-X))TiO₃. One example of a process for depositing a high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material such as Al₂O₃, Ta₂O₅ or Ba_(x)Sr_((1-X))TiO₃ includes using CVD techniques and metalorganic precursors. Typically, such metalorganic precursors would be flowed into a reactor at an appropriate rate under reduced pressure and elevated temperatures to form the dielectric layers 28 An upper layer electrode 30 is then deposited on high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material 28.

Referring now to FIG. 5, another embodiment of the invention is shown which depicts the fabrication of DRAM circuitry. A semiconductor substrate 40 comprises two memory cells, each memory cell including a capacitor 42 and a shared bit contact 44. Capacitors 42 electrically connect with substrate diffusion regions 46 (source/drain regions) through silicide regions 48. For simplicity, capacitors 42 are shown as comprising a first capacitor electrode 50 having a thin oxidized surface 50 a, a capacitor dielectric 52, and a second capacitor electrode/cell plate 54. These layers are fabricated of the materials described above, including conductive non-oxide electrode materials and the high dielectric constant oxide dielectric materials. These layers are processed as described above to provide the capacitor structure of the present invention. A dielectric layer 56 is formed over second capacitor plate 54. A bit line 58 is fabricated in electrical connection with bit contact 44. Word lines 60 are fabricated to enable selective gating of the capacitors relative to bit contact 44.

In order that the invention may be more readily understood, reference is made to the following example, which is intended to be illustrative of the invention, but is not intended to be limiting in scope.

EXAMPLE

A metal-insulator-metal capacitor test chip was prepared. The bottom electrode was a tungsten nitride (including WN, W₂N, WN_(x), or mixtures) film deposited using CVD techniques to a thickness of about 450 Å. Three slightly different WN_(x) films were prepared, each having a different nucleation stage and different step coverage (identified as CVD WN_(x)A, CVD WN_(x)B, and CVD WN_(x) C). The CVD WN_(x) films were oxidized using a gas plasma generated from O₃ at 400° C. A film of Ta₂O₅ having a thickness of about 80 Å was deposited on the plasma treated CVD WN_(x) films. The upper electrode was a TiN film about 400 Å thick deposited by physical vapor deposition (PVD) techniques. The capacitor was patterned using a photomask.

FIG. 2 shows the sheet resistance of the CVD WN_(x) B film. The sheet resistance increased after gas plasma treatment, indicating that a thin layer of WO_(x) formed at the film surface. The sheet resistance increased with increasing gas plasma treatment time. After about 30 seconds of gas plasma treatment, the increase in sheet resistance began to saturate, indicating that the formed passivation layer prevented further oxidation very effectively. The overall increase in sheet resistance after gas plasma treatment for 120 seconds was only about 10%, indicating that the passivation layer was thin. The thin passivation layer works to prevent further uncontrolled oxidation during Ta₂O₅ dielectric deposition and later thermal treatments. WO_(x) has a very high dielectric constant (300), and therefore will not reduce the capacitance of the device.

FIG. 3 shows a comparison of the leakage current density and capacitance of CVD WN_(x)B bottom electrode wafers which were untreated, gas plasma treated with O₃, and gas plasma treated with NH₃. The electrical data was measured at 85° C., with the leakage current density measured at +1 V and the capacitance at 0 V. The O₃ plasma treated capacitor had the lowest leakage density, but the capacitance was not reduced.

FIG. 4 shows a comparison of the leakage current density and the capacitance of the CVD WN_(x)C bottom electrode wafers which were untreated, and gas plasma treated with O₃. Again, the O₃ plasma treated capacitor had lower leakage density, but the capacitance was not reduced.

While not intended to be limited to any theory, it is believed that the formation of the thin oxide layer reduces the interface defects between the non-oxide bottom electrode and the high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material, providing reduced leakage current without severe degradation in dielectric capacitance because the thin oxide layer itself has a high dielectric constant.

While certain representative embodiments and details have been shown for the purpose of illustrating the invention, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes in the methods and apparatus disclosed herein may be made without departing from the scope of the invention, which is defined in the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for forming a capacitor comprising: providing a non-oxide electrode selected from the group consisting of TiN, TaN, WN, and W; oxidizing an upper surface of said non-oxide electrode using mm O₃ gas plasma; depositing a high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material directly onto the oxidized surface of said non-oxide electrode; and depositing an upper layer electrode on said high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material.
 2. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the oxidation of said upper surface of said non-oxide electrode is carried out in an atmosphere containing an oxidizing gas selected from the group consisting of O₂, O₃, H₂O, and N₂O.
 3. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the oxidation of said upper surface of said non-oxide electrode is carried out at a temperature in the range of from about 250° to about 700° C.
 4. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material is selected from the group consisting of Al₂O₃, Ta₂O₅ and Ba_(x)Sr_((1-x))TiO₃.
 5. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the oxidation of said upper surface of said non-oxide electrode is performed in an oxide dielectric deposition chamber under oxidizing conditions prior to the deposition of said high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material.
 6. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the oxidation is carried out at a temperature in the range of from about 250° to about 500° C.
 7. A method for forming a capacitor comprising: providing a non-oxide electrode selected from the group consisting of TiN, TaN, WN, and W, oxidizing an upper surface of said non-oxide electrode using an O₃ gas plasma, depositing a high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material directly onto the oxidized surface of said non-oxide electrode, and depositing an upper layer electrode on said high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material.
 8. A method as claimed in claim 7 wherein said high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material is selected from the group consisting of Al₂O₃, Ta₂O₅ and Ba_((1-x))TiO₃.
 9. A method as claimed in claim 7 wherein the oxidation of said upper surface of said non-oxide electrode is carried our in an atmosphere containing an oxidizing gas selected from the group consisting of O₂, O₃, H₂O, N₂O.
 10. A method as claimed in claim 7 wherein the oxidation of said upper surface of said non-oxide electrode is carried out at a temperature in the range of from about 250° to about 700° C.
 11. A method as claimed in claim 7 wherein the oxidation of said upper surface of said non-oxide electrode is performed in an oxide dielectric deposition chamber under oxidizing conditions prior to the deposition of said high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material.
 12. A method as claimed in claim 7 wherein the oxidation is carried out at a temperature in the range of from about 250° to about 500° C.
 13. A method for forming a capacitor comprising providing a non-oxide electrode selected from the group consisting of TiN, TaN, WN, and W, oxidizing an upper surface of said non-oxide electrode using an O₃ gas plasma, depositing a high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material selected from the group consisting of Al₂O₃, Ta₂O₅ and Ba_((1-x))TiO₃ directly onto the oxidized surface of said non-oxide electrode, and depositing an upper layer electrode on said high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material.
 14. A method as claimed in claim 13 wherein the oxidation of said upper surface of said non-oxide electrode is carried out in an atmosphere containing an oxidizing gas selected from the group consisting of O₂, O₃, H₂O, and N₂O.
 15. A method as claimed in claim 13 wherein the oxidation of said upper surface of said non-oxide electrode is carried out at a temperature in the range of from about 250 to about 700° C.
 16. A method us claimed in claim 13 wherein the oxidation of said upper surface of said non-oxide electrode is performed in an oxide dielectric deposition chamber under oxidizing conditions prier to the deposition of said high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material.
 17. A method as claimed in claim 13 wherein the oxidation is carried out at a temperature in the range of from about 250° to about 500° C.
 18. A method for forming a capacitor comprising: providing a non-oxide electrode selected from the group consisting of TiN, TaN, WN, and W, in a deposition chamber oxidizing an upper surface of said non-oxide electrode, in the same deposition chamber depositing a high dielectric constant dielectric material directly onto the oxidized surface of said non-oxide electrode, and depositing an upper layer electrode on said high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material.
 19. A method for forming a capacitor comprising: providing a non-oxide electrode selected from the group consisting of TiN, TaN, WN, and W, oxidizing an upper surface of said non-oxide electrode at a temperature in the range of from about 250° to about 700° C. in an atmosphere containing a gas selected from the group consisting of O₂, O₃, H₂O, and N₂O, depositing a high dielectric constant dielectric material directly onto the oxidized surface of said non-oxide electrode and depositing an upper layer electrode on said high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material.
 20. A method for forming a capacitor comprising: providing a non-oxide electrode selected from the group consisting of TIN, TaN, WN, and W oxidizing an upper surface of said non-oxide electrode in an atmosphere containing a gas plasma generated from a gas selected from the group consisting of O₂, O₃, H₂O, and N₂O, depositing a high dielectric constant dielectric material directly onto the oxidized surface of said non-oxide electrode, and depositing an upper layer electrode on said high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material.
 21. A method as claimed in claim 20 wherein the oxidation of said upper surface of said non-oxide electrode is carried out at a temperature in the range of from about 250° to about 500° C.
 22. A method as claimed in claim 20 wherein said high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material is selected from the group consisting of Al₂O₃, Ta₂O₃, and Ba_(x)Sr_((1-x))TiO₃.
 23. A method for forming a capacitor comprising: providing a non-oxide electrode selected (rein the group consisting of TiN, TaN, WN, and W oxidizing an upper surface of said non-oxide electrode is an atmosphere containing a gas plasma generated from a gas selected from the group consisting of O₂, O₃, H₂, and N₂O, depositing a high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material selected from the group consisting of Al₂O₃, Ta₂O₅ and Ba₂Sr_((1-x))TiO₃ on the oxidized surface of said non-oxide electrode, and depositing an upper layer electrode on said high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material.
 24. A method of forming a DRAM cell comprising providing a non-oxide electrode, oxidizing an upper surface of said non-oxide electrode, depositing a layer of a high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material directly onto the oxidized surface of said non-oxide electrode, depositing an upper layer electrode on said layer of said high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material, providing a field effect transistor having a pair of source/drain regions, electrically connecting one of said source/drain regions with said conductive oxide electrode and electrically connecting the other of said source/drain regions with a bit line.
 25. A method for forming a capacitor comprising: providing a non-oxide electrode selected from the group consisting of TIN, TaN, WN, and W, in a deposition chamber oxidizing an upper surface of said non-oxide electrode in an atmosphere containing a gas plasma generated from a gas selected from the group consisting of O₂, O₃, H₂O, and N₂O, in the same deposition chamber depositing a high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material selected from the group consisting of Al₂O₃, Ta₂O₅ and Ba_(x)Sr_((1-x))TiO₃ on the oxidized surface of said non-oxide electrode, and depositing an upper layer electrode on said high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material.
 26. A method for forming a capacitor comprising providing a non-oxide electrode, in a deposition chamber oxidizing an upper surface of said non-oxide electrode in an atmosphere containing a gas plasma generated from a gas selected from the group consisting of O₂, O₃, H₂O, and N₂O, in the same deposition chamber depositing a high dielectric constant dielectric material on the oxidized surface of said non-oxide electrode, and depositing an upper layer electrode on said high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material.
 27. A method for fanning a capacitor comprising: providing a non-oxide electrode selected from the group consisting of TiN, TaN, WN, and W, in a deposition chamber oxidizing an upper surface of said non-oxide electrode, in the same deposition chamber depositing a high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material directly onto the oxidized surface of said non-oxide electrode, and depositing an upper layer electrode on said high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material.
 28. A method for forming a capacitor comprising: providing a non-oxide electrode selected from the group consisting of TiN, TaN, WN, and W, oxidizing an upper surface of said non-oxide electrode, depositing a high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material directly onto the oxidized surface of said non-oxide electrode, and depositing an upper layer electrode on said high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material.
 29. A method for forming a capacitor comprising: providing a non-oxide electrode selected torn the group consisting of TiN, TaN, WN, and W, oxidizing an upper surface of said non-oxide electrode, depositing a high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material selected from the group consisting of Al₂O₃, Ta₂O₅ and Ba_(x)Sr_((1-x))TiO₃ directly onto the oxidized surface of said non-oxide electrode, and depositing an upper layer electrode on said high dielectric constant oxide dielectric material. 